Synovium and blood capillaries at the femoral attachment of anterior cruciate ligament are significantly abundant than those at the tibial attachment / Sinovial y capilares sanguíneos en la inserción femoral del ligamento cruzado anterior son significativamente más abundantes que los de la inserción tibial

SUMMARY: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a ligament that mainly controls the anterior and rotational mobility of the knee joint, and its surface is covered by a synovial membrane with large number of blood vessels. In general, nutritional supply to the ligament is from many capillaries in the adjacent synovium. However, statistical studies of the capillaries distributed to the ACL are insufficient. In this study, we examined cross-sectional histological images of the femoral attachment (femoral level), middle level of the tendon (middle level), and tibial attachment (tibial level) of the ACL and statistically analyzed blood capillary distribution among the three levels. The ACLs of 10 cadavers were divided into 5 equal sections, and 4mm-thick paraffin sections were made at the femoral level, middle level, and tibial level, and then hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining were performed. The area of each transverse section was measured using Image-J 1.51n (U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Fiber bundles of the ACL were relatively small and sparse in cross-sectional area at the femoral level and became larger and denser toward the tibial level. Many blood levels. The synovium at the attachment of ACL covered the surface of the fiber bundle and also penetrated deeply between the fiber bundles. In particular, the blood capillaries were densely distributed in the synovium at the femoral attachment rather than another two levels. Indeed, the number of capillaries were also most abundant in the femoral level. The cross-sectional ACL area at the femoral level is significantly small, however, the blood capillaries were most abundant. Therefore, when the ACL is injured, its reconstruction with preservation of the femoral ligamentous remnant may be clinically useful for remodeling of the grafted tendon.

El ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) es un ligamento que controla principalmente la movilidad anterior y rotacional de la articulación de la rodilla, y su superficie está cubierta por una membrana sinovial con gran cantidad de vasos sanguíneos. En general, el suministro de nutrientes al ligamento proviene de muchos capilares en la sinovial adyacente. Sin embargo, los estudios estadísticos de los capilares distribuidos en el LCA son insuficientes. En este estudio, examinamos imágenes histológicas trans- versales de la inserción femoral (nivel femoral), el nivel medio del tendón (nivel medio) y la inserción tibial (nivel tibial) del LCA y analizamos estadísticamente la distribución de los capilares sanguíneos entre los tres niveles. Los LCA de 10 cadáveres se dividieron en 5 secciones iguales y se realizaron cortes en parafina de 4 µm de espesor a nivel femoral, medio y tibial, y luego se realizó tinción con hematoxilina-eosina (HE). El área de cada sección transversal se midió utilizando Image-J 1.51n (Institutos Nacionales de Salud de EE. UU., Bethesda, MD, EE. UU.). Los haces de fibras del LCA eran relativamente pequeños y escasos en el área de la sección transversal a nivel femoral y se hicieron más grandes y más densos hacia el nivel tibial. La membrana sinovial en la unión del LCA cubría la superficie del haz de fibras y también penetraba profundamente entre entre los haces de fibras. En particular, los capilares sanguíneos estaban densamente distribuidos en la unión femoral de la sinovial respecto a los otros dos niveles. De hecho, el número de capilares también fue más abundante a nivel femoral. El área transversal del LCA a nivel femoral era significativamente pequeña, sin embargo, los capilares sanguíneos fueron los más abundantes. Por lo tanto, cuando hay una lesión del LCA su reconstrucción con preservación del ligamento femoral remanente puede ser clínicamente útil para remodelar el tendón injertado.

Comparison of Outcomes Between All-Inside SingleBundle and Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Retrospective Study

@#Introduction: ACL rupture is the most common type of knee injury. The All-inside ACL reconstruction procedure features some distinguished components including closed-socket tunnels with less bone expulsion, double suspensory fixation, and smaller incisions. We aimed to compare the outcomes between the All-inside Single-bundle and the Double-bundle ACL reconstruction techniques. Materials and methods: This study was a retrospective study which analysed the patient-reported and the clinical outcomes on patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between January and December 2020 at Dr Kariadi General Hospital Semarang, Indonesia. We compared the patientreported and the clinical outcomes at 6- and 12-month follow-ups between the All-inside Single-bundle and the Double-bundle groups. The patient-reported outcomes were determined using the IKDC and Tegner-Lysholm scores while the clinical outcomes included the measurement of Thigh Circumference, Single Hop test, Anterior Drawer test, Lachman test, Range of motion, and the patient’s level of return to sport. Results: A total of 24 subjects were divided into two groups, namely the All-inside Single-bundle and the Double-bundle groups, consisting of 12 subjects in each group. Most of the subjects were male in both groups, including 9 (75%) subjects in the All-inside Single-bundle group, and 11 (91.67%) subjects in the Double-bundle group. The mean age of the subjects were 25.75±7.57 years old in the Allinside Single-bundle group, and 24.5±6.87 years old in the Double-bundle group. In terms of the side of the knee that suffered the most injuries in both groups were the right knees. The result of the patient-reported outcomes using IKDC and Tegner-Lysholm scores showed no statistically significant differences in both groups at 6- and 12-month follow-ups (p=0.864; p=0.293 and p=0.589; p=0.233, respectively). The results of clinical assessments at 6- and 12-month follow-ups also showed no statistically significant differences in both groups. Conclusion: Our study showed no significant differences in the patient-reported and the clinical outcomes between the All-inside Single-bundle and the Double-bundle ACL reconstruction techniques at 6- and 12-month follow-ups.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction and Extra-Articular Tenodesis in a Contralateral Above-Knee Amputee Following Complex Trauma: A Case Report

@#We report the outcome following arthroscopic ACL reconstruction combined with a Modified LeMaire procedure in a patient who underwent multiple surgeries following an open ipsilateral femoral fracture and an above knee amputation of the contralateral limb at the time of initial trauma. This case highlights the importance of achieving ligamental stability in the contra-lateral limb in aiding proper rehabilitation following amputation and the potential pitfalls of retrograde femoral nailing.

Incidence of Meniscal Tears in Cruciate Deficient Knee with Respect to Early and Delayed Reconstruction of ACL

Introduction: Descriptions of meniscus and articularcartilage lesions associated with anterior cruciate ligamentinjury have been reported by many authors. There are twoschools of thought regarding reconstruction either Earlyreconstruction and structured rehabilitation or Structuredrehabilitation with delayed reconstruction The aim of thisstudy was to identify the impact on the meniscus in earlyand delayed presentation of anterior cruciate ligament tearsand to emphasize the importance of early reconstruction ofanterior cruciate ligament to prevent further meniscal damageand articular cartilage lesions and subsequentially preventingOsteoarthritis.Materials and methods: The retrospective study wasconducted at Lourdes Hospital, Ernakulam, Kerala.Patients who presented with anterior cruciate ligament tearswere grouped into three based on their time of injury toreconstruction and the associated meniscal tears were noted.GROUP I included patients who had ACL Reconstructionwithin 2 months of injury, GROUP II within 2-6 months ofinjury and GROUP III within 6-12 Months of injury. Patientswere further divided within the groups according to their ageand grouped with a difference of ten years starting at less than25 years of age to greater than 45 years of age. Location andincidence of tear was compared between the three groupsResults: Incidence of Meniscal injury increases over timein patients as they passed through the acute, sub-acute andchronic phases of ACL deficiency. Immediately followingACL Injury Lateral meniscal injuries were more commonand was found in the acute phase (Group I). Lateral meniscustears decreased as patients passed through the acute phaseinto the sub-acute phase (Group II), whereas medial meniscaltears began to increase and predominated in the chronic phase(Group III).Conclusion: This study was able to demonstrate that theIncidence of Meniscal injury increased over time in ACLdeficient knees. Lateral meniscal injuries were more commonin acute ACL Tears. Medial meniscal injuries increased dueto instability of the knee. Hence an early Acl reconstructionpreferably within two months of injury is a good option forpatients as it prevents further meniscal damage and decreasesIncidence of Osteoarthritis.

Effect of electroacupuncture on rehabilitation of knee joint movement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the rehabilitation of knee joint function after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.@*METHODS@#A total of 140 patients with ACL reconstruction were randomly divided into an observation group (58 cases recruited, 12 cases dropped out) and a control group (65 cases recruited, 5 cases dropped out). The patients in the control group were treated with routine rehabilitation treatment. The patients in the observation group, on the basis of the treatment in the control group, were treated with EA at Fengshi (GB 31), Futu (ST 32), Zusanli (ST 36), Shangjuxu (ST 37), Fenglong (ST 40), Xuanzhong (GB 39), Diji (SP 8) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) on the affected side (2 Hz/100 Hz of dilatational wave, 2-5 mA). Each EA treatment lasted 20-30 min, twice a day for 7 days. The swelling degree (d), pain visual analogue scale (VAS), knee joint range of motion (ROM), scores of International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective short form and scores of Lysholm were observed in the two groups 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after operation.@*RESULTS@#One month and 3 months after operation, the swelling degree (d) and VAS scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (0.05). One month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after operation, the ROM of the knee joint in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (<0.05), the IKDC score and Lysholm score were higher than those in the control group (<0.05). Within one year, there were no relaxations, fractures and other related complications in the two groups. The pivot shift test, anterior drawer test and the Lachman test were all negative.@*CONCLUSION@#EA combined with routine rehabilitation training could obviously reduce the pain of knee joint, improve the swelling degree, increase the ROM of knee joint, promote the functional recovery in patients with ACL reconstruction, which are superior to rehabilitation training alone.

Precisión diagnóstica de la radiografía para la medición de túneles óseos en reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior / X ray diagnostic accuracy for bone tunnel measurements in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

OBJETIVO: Determinar la precisión diagnóstica de las radiografías de rodilla para la medición de los diámetros de los túneles tibiales y femorales en reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA). MATERIALES Y PACIENTES: Estudio retrospectivo de precisión diagnóstica en pacientes con antecedentes de RLCA. Inclusión: RLCA realizada en el mismo centro, con el mismo equipo quirúrgico, entre 2011 y 2015; uso de cualquier tipo de injerto y de fijación; estudiados con radiografía (Rx) y tomografía computada (TC) durante postop en el mismo centro. Exclusión: desfase Rx-TC > 6 meses; cirugía entre estudios radiológicos. Análisis de túneles por 3 especialistas (OsiriX). La precisión diagnóstica consideró la TC como gold standard. Se midieron las diferencias inter e intra-observador, y las variables que interfirieron en las mediciones. RESULTADOS: 22 pacientes cumplieron los criterios de selección, determinando 528 mediciones en total (Rx y TC, fémur y tibia, 3 observadores, 2 tiempos). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la medición de los túneles femorales (p » 0.8986), pero sí en cuanto a los diámetros tibiales (p » 0.0001). El análisis de precisión diagnóstica determinó una sobrevaloración de los diámetros óseos al usar la radiografía (10,5% en fémur, 10% en tibia). Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas inter-observador tanto en Rx como en TC (observador más joven con el resto); sin diferencias intra-observador. CONCLUSIÓN: La Rx como método diagnóstico del diámetro de túneles óseos luego de una RLCA sobreestima los valores reales, lo que empeora cuando el observador tiene menor experiencia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of knee radiographs for the measurement of tibial and femoral tunnels diameters after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). MATERIALS AND PATIENTS: A retrospective study of the diagnostic accuracy in patients with a history of ACLR. Inclusion: surgery performed in the same center, same surgical team, between 2011 to 2015; any graft and fixation; studied with radiography (X-Ray) and computed tomography (CT) during postop in the same center. Exclusion: X-Ray-CT lag > 6 months; surgery between radiological studies. Tunnel analysis by 3 specialists (OsiriX). Diagnostic accuracy considered CT as a gold standard. The inter and intraobserver differences, and the variables that interfered in the measurements, were measured. RESULTS: 22 patients achieved the selection criteria, determining 528 measurements in total (X-Ray and CT, femur and tibia, 3 observers, 2 times). There were no statistically significant differences in the measurement of the femoral tunnels (p » 0.8986), but there were differences in the tibial diameters (p » 0.0001). Analysis of diagnostic accuracy determined an overestimation of the bone diameters when using the radiography (10.5% in the femur, 10% in the tibia). There were statistically significant inter-observer differences in both X-Ray and CT (younger observer with the rest); there were no intra-observer differences. CONCLUSION: X-Ray as a diagnostic method of the diameter of bone tunnels after an ACLR overestimates the real values, which worsens when the observer has less experience.

Vancomycin-Loaded Bone Cement Bullet for Treatment of Chronic Septic Arthritis Post ACL Reconstruction Surgery

Abstract@#The consequence of post-operative infection can be devastating despite its rare incidence. Common organisms causing post-operative infection are normal flora of the skin: Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Early diagnosis followed by arthroscopic debridement and antibiotic therapy with graft retention remains the main aim of treatment. However, there are certain cases where the infection persists despite early intervention. Vancomycin-loaded bone cement bullet inserted into bone tunnel can provide a high local concentration of vancomycin with bactericidal effect and low systemic complications to treat deep-seated infection.

The functional outcome of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients using different graft tension during tibial fixation

Background@# Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction is commonly performed to restore knee kinematics and halt the progression of osteoarthritis. A primary variable that could infl uence the outcome of ACL reconstruction is the tension applied to the graft at the time of fi xation. If the tension is too great, an abnormal compressive force could potentially develop across the tibiofemoral joint, hindering knee motion, and subjecting the articular surfaces to increased stress. If the tension in the graft is too low, the graft will not be effective in restoring normal kinematics. The Tegner Lysholm Knee Scale is a functional scoring for patients with ligamentous injuries. It is a patient-reported measure of knee function and is important for comprehensive assessment conditions in both the clinical and research context. Our objective was to compare which tension technique (15 lbs graft tension using a Mitek Tensioner™ vs maximal sustained two-hand technique) would yield better functional outcome at 6 months and 12 months postoperatively using the Tegner Lysholm Knee Scale. @*Methods @#Twenty-nine patients who underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction at the University of Santo Tomas Hospital Private Division were randomly divided equally into two groups (group A or group B). During tibial fi xation, group A would receive 15 lbs graft tension using a Mitek Tensioner and group B would receive graft tension using the maximal sustained two-handed pull technique. The patients underwent a standard rehabilitation protocol at an institution of their choice and a Lysholm Scoring Scale and Tegner activity scale were self-administered at 6 months and 12 months after the surgery in order to assess their functional outcome.@*Results @#The results showed that the functional outcome scores of group A were higher than group B. The yielded p-value was 0.10 (6 months), 0.07 (12 months) for group A and 0.27 (6 months), 0.46 (12 months) for group B. The results showed no suffi cient evidence of a signifi cant difference between the effects of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with 15 lbs weight using a Mitek Tensioner (group A) and graft tension using the maximal sustained two-handed pull technique (group B) in the knee functional outcome of patients at 6 months and 12 months postoperatively@*Conclusion@#The functional outcome scores of patients who underwent ACL reconstruction using different graft tension did not show signifi cant results. Further re-evaluation of patients’ functional outcome score is necessary after 12 months postoperatively. The desired tensioning technique of the ACL surgeon would be at his/her convenience knowing beforehand the pros and cons of each technique.

Quiste sinovial en la tibia luego de la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior: evaluación de 14 pacientes / Synovial cyst in the tibia after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: evaluation of 14 patients

Introducción: La aparición de quiste sinovial pretibial posterior a cirugía de reconstrucción de LCA es una complicaciónpoco frecuente, de origen multifactorial que puede suceder incluso años luego de la cirugía. El objetivo del presentetrabajo fue analizar una serie de pacientes tratados por esta complicación. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente 14 pacientes operados de resección de quiste pretibial posterior auna cirugia de LCA entre el año 2008 y 2016. Se analizó el tipo de injerto, técnica quirúrgica e implante utilizado, la clínicadel paciente y el tiempo de aparición de los síntomas. Se realizó una evaluación radiológica pre y post operatoria. Sedescribió la cirugía de resección del quiste y la anatomía patológica. Evaluamos el índice de recidiva. Resultados: Nueve hombres y 5 mujeres con edad promedio de 38 años. El seguimiento promedio fue de 35 meses.Todos operados con isquiotibiales cuádruple y técnica trans-tibial. El tiempo promedio entre la cirugía de LCA y aparicióndel quiste fue de 29 meses. Clínicamente presentaban una tumoración entre 1.1 y 3 cm sin signos de inestabilidad. Através de Rx y RM se evidenció ensanchamiento del túnel tibial en todos los casos. Se rellenó el túnel tibial con injertoóseo en 7 casos. La anatomía patológica informó: 12 quistes sinoviales (5 asociados a remanentes de sutura) y 2 casosúnicamente fibrosis. Un paciente evolucionó con recidiva...

Introduction: Among complications following ACL reconstruction, the formation of a pre-tibial cyst in the site of the tibialtunnel is very rare and might happen even years after surgery. The purpose of this study was to analyze 14 patients with tibialsynovial cyst after ACL reconstruction.Material and method: We retrospectively evaluated patients operated between 2008 and 2016. We analyzed the graftselection and surgical technique for ACL reconstruction, the time between primary surgery and the onset of symptoms andthe clinical presentation. A pre and postoperative radiological evaluation was performed for every patient. Surgical techniquefor cyst excision, histological analysis and culture results were also analyzed. The recurrence rate was evaluated at finalfollow-upResults: Nine patients were male, with an average age of 38 years. The average follow-up was of 35 months. All ACLreconstructions were performed using hamstring graft and a trans-tibial technique. The average time between primary ACLsurgery and onset of the cyst was 29 months. All patients presented a palpable tumor at proximal tibia and a stable knee.The cyst size varied between 1.1 and 3 cm. In all cases, Rx and MRI could appreciate a widening of the tibial tunnel. Thetibial tunnels were filled with cancellous bone in 7 cases. Pathological anatomy reported 12 synovial cysts (5 associated withremaining suture) and 2 fibrosis. One recurrence was reported...

Falla de injerto sintético en reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior. Revisión en dos tiempos. Reporte de caso y detalles de técnica / Synthetic graft failure for ACL reconstruction. Revision surgery in two stages

Los injertos sintéticos representan una alternativa a los injertos biológicos para reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior. Ciertas ventajas teóricas apoyan dicha técnica, la principal función del injerto sintético sigue siendo estructural. Las publicaciones respecto a esta alternativa quirúrgica brindan información controversial, y en la literatura no se observa evidencia suficiente aún que avale este sistema como alternativa en reconstrucción de LCA a largo plazo. En la literatura se describen múltiples complicaciones asociadas al injerto sintético. Se presenta un reporte de caso de falla de injerto sintético de LCA, el cual se resolvió con una planificación en dos tiempos quirúrgicos. Se detallan los hallazgos intraoperatorios y los detalles de técnica para dicha revisión quirúrgica.

Synthetic grafts represent an alternative to biological grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Certain theoretical advantages support this technique; the main function of the synthetic graft remains structural. Publications provide controversial information regarding this surgical alternative, and there is not enough data to support this system as an alternative to long-term outcomes ACL reconstruction. Multiple complications associated with synthetic graft are described in the literature. We present a case report of synthetic ACL graft failure, resolved in two stages ACL revision surgery. We describe intraoperative findings and technical details.

Estudio comparativo de reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior con y sin lesiones condrales; resultados funcionales a largo plazo / Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with and without chondral lesions; long term functional results

INTRODUCCIÓN: La lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA), es una patología frecuente, y el éxito de la reconstrucción depende de diversos factores, tales como la técnica quirúrgica empleada, la edad del paciente, índice masa corporal, nivel de actividad y lesiones asociadas. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los resultados funcionales a largo plazo de pacientes con lesiones condrales tratadas y sin lesiones condrales sometidos a la reconstrucción de LCA (RLCA), con autoinjerto semitendinoso-gracilis (ST-G). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio analítico retrospectivo. Cuarenta y nueve pacientes (34 hombres y 15 mujeres), fueron sometidos a la RLCA con autoinjerto ST-G. Se compararon dos grupos. Grupo RLCA + LC: 24 pacientes con lesiones condrales ICRS grado III y IV tratadas en el mismo acto quirúrgico y grupo RLCA: 25 pacientes sin lesiones condrales concomitantes. Las edades promedio fueron de 32 y 28 años en cada grupo respectivamente. La funcionalidad de los pacientes a largo plazo fue evaluada con el test de Lysholm, IKDC y retorno deportivo. Se compararon los promedios de los scores funcionales según cada grupo con Test de Mann-Whitney. La asociación entre ambos grupos y el retorno deportivo se analizó con Test de Chi2. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con Stata IC 13. RESULTADOS: El seguimiento promedio fue de 106,8 meses (rango: 86­125). Los resultados funcionales obtenidos al comparar el grupo RLCA + LC vs grupo RLCA fueron significativamente peores en el primero, con un promedio del score de Lysholm de 84,87 vs 94,52 (p = 0.0001) e IKDC de 84,43 vs 92,08 (p = 0,004), respectivamente. El retorno deportivo de cada grupo fue de 70,8% y 88% (p = 0,136). CONCLUSIÓN: La funcionalidad a largo plazo de los pacientes con una RLCA y que tengan alguna LC profunda tratada concomitante, es significativamente inferior que aquellos pacientes con RLCA aislada. No existen diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de retorno deportivo entre ambos grupos.

INTRODUCTION: Anterior cruciate ligament injury is a frequent sports injury, and successful reconstruction depends on diverse factors, such as surgical technique, age, body mass index, level of activity and other concomitant cartilage and meniscal lesions. The objective of this study is to retrospectively compare the long term clinical outcomes of ACL hamstring tendon autograft reconstruction with and without concomitant cartilage injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty nine patients (34 men and 15 women) underwent single bundle transtibial ACL reconstruction and were divided in two groups (Group 1: 24 patients with chondral lesions grade III and IV of the ICRS, and Group 2: 25 patients without chondral lesions). Mean age of both groups was 32 and 28 years, respectively. Clinical outcome was evaluated with Lysholm test, IKDC and return to previous level of sport activities. Mean values of of funcional outcome scores between both groups were compared with Mann-Whitney test. Return to previous level of activity in both groups was analyzed with Chi-2 test. The statistical analysis was performed with Stata IC 13. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 106.8 months (range: 86­125). Mean Lysholm test for group 1 vs group 2 was 84.87 and 94.52 (p < 0.001), mean IKDC was 84.43 and 92.08 (p < 0.001), and return to previous sports was 70.8% vs 88% (p = 0.136) for each group. CONCLUSION: Long term clinical outcomes in patients with chondral lesions that underwent ACL reconstruction were significantly lower than patient with isolated ACL injuries. No statistical differences were found in the return to previous sport activities.

Lesiones intraarticulares asociadas a la fijación tibial en la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior / Intraarticular lesions associated to a tibial fixation device in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Resumen: La reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior es un procedimiento exigente; las complicaciones pueden presentarse en cualquiera de sus etapas. Presentamos tres casos en los cuales los dispositivos para la fijación tibial (IntraFix y Bio-IntraFix) condicionaron lesiones intraarticulares. Las complicaciones fueron detectadas, en uno de los casos, mientras el paciente se encontraba aún en la sala de operaciones, y en los otros dos, durante el seguimiento. Todos los pacientes contaban con una rodilla estable, pero tuvieron lesiones condrales causadas por la inadecuada colocación de los implantes para la fijación tibial. Se exponen algunas sugerencias para evitar complicaciones con estos dispositivos.

Abstract: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a demanding procedure; complications may arise at any of its stages. This is the report of three cases in which the tibial fixation devices (IntraFix and Bio-IntraFix) led to intraarticular lesions. The complications were detected in one of the cases while the patient was still in the operating room and in the remaining two during the follow-up. All the patients had a stable knee, but all of them sustained chondral lesions resulting from the inadequate placement of the implants used for tibial fixation. Several suggestions to avoid the complications stemming from these devices are provided.

Ruptura de tornillo tibial interferencial biodegradable posterior a reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior / Broken bioabsorbable interference tibial screw of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Se presenta un reporte un caso con una ruptura de tornillo interferencial biodegradable tibial luego de la reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) con injerto cuádruple autólogo de semitendinoso y recto interno. Doce meses postoperatorios luego de una recuperación satisfactoria inicia con síntomas de bloqueo y dolor de rodilla. La Resonancia magnética (RM) mostró ruptura del tornillo tibial sin pérdida de la ubicación ni continuidad de la plástica de LCA. Se realizó extracción de la parte rota del tornillo por vía artroscópica. La paciente tuvo una recuperación completa de su rodilla. Éste caso describe posibles causas de ruptura del tornillo biodegradable y se sugiere tomar en cuenta los cuidados necesarios para evitar dicho problema.

We report a case of broken screw from the tibial site of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using an autologous ipsilateral semitendinosus-gracilis quadruple graft. Twelve months after initially successful ACL surgery the patient felt locking symptoms and knee pain. MRI showed a broken bioabsorbable interference tibial screw without loss of location or continuity of the ACL graft. At revision arthroscopy the broken part was removed. The patient had full recovery. This case describes possible causes of bioscrew rupture in ACL surgery and we suggest the necessary precautions to avoid this problem.

Biomechanical performance of Bio Cross-Pin and EndoButton for ACL reconstruction at femoral side: a porcine model

Abstract Introduction The method of graft fixation is critical in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. Success of surgery is totally dependent on the ability of the implant to secure the graft inside the bone tunnel until complete graft integration. The principle of EndoButton is based on the cortical suspension of the graft. The Cross-Pin is based on graft expansion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical performance of EndoButton and Bio Cross-Pin to fix the hamstring graft at femoral side of porcine knee joints and evaluate whether they are able to support of loading applied on graft during immediate post-operative tasks. Methods Fourteen ACL reconstructions were carried out in porcine femurs fixing superficial flexor tendons with Titanium EndoButton (n = 7) and with 6 × 50 mm HA/PLLA Bio Cross-Pin (n = 7). A cyclic loading test was applied with 50-250 N of tensile force at 1 Hz for 1000 cycles. The displacement was measured at 20, 100, 500 and 1000 load cycles to quantify the slippage of the graft during the test. Single-cycle load-to-failure test was performed at 50 N/mm to measure fixation strength. Results The laxity during cyclic loading and the displacement to failure during single-cycle test were lower for the Bio Cross-Pin fixation (8.21 ± 1.72 mm) than the EndoButton (11.20 ± 2.00 mm). The Bio Cross-Pin (112.22 ± 21.20 N.mm–1) was significantly stiffer than the EndoButton fixation (60.50 ±10.38 N.mm–1). There was no significant difference between Bio Cross-Pin (failure loading: 758.29 ± 188.05 N; yield loading: 713.67 ± 192.56 N) and EndoButton strength (failure loading: 672.52 ± 66.56 N; yield loading: 599.91 ± 59.64 N). Both are able to support the immediate post-operative loading applied (445 N). Conclusion The results obtained in this experiment indicate that the Bio Cross-Pin technique promote stiffer fixation during cyclic loading as compared with EndoButton. Both techniques are able to support the immediate post-operative loading applied.

Evaluation of Knee Joint after Double-Bundle ACL Reconstruction with Three-Dimensional Isotropic MRI

PURPOSE: To evaluate the knee joint after double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with three-dimensional (3D) isotropic magnetic resonance (MR) image, and to directly compare the ACL graft findings on 3D MR with the clinical results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2009 to December 2014, we retrospectively reviewed MRIs of 39 patients who had reconstructed ACL with double bundle technique. The subjects were examined using 3D isotropic proton-density sequence and routine two-dimensional (2D) sequence on 3.0T scanner. The MR images were qualitatively evaluated for the intraarticular curvature, graft tear, bony impingement, intraosseous tunnel cyst, and synovitis of anteromedial and posterolateral bundles (AMB, PLB). In addition anterior tibial translation, PCL angle, PCL ratio were quantitatively measured. KT arthrometric values were reviewed for anterior tibial translation as positive or negative. The second look arthroscopy results including tear and laxity were reviewed. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between an AMB tear on 3D-isotropic proton density MR images and arthroscopic proven AMB tear or laxity (P < 0.05). Also, a significant correlation was observed between increased PCL ratio on 3D isotropic MRI and the arthroscopic findings such as tear, laxities of grafts (P < 0.05). KT arthrometric results were found to be significantly correlated with AMB tears (P < 0.05) and tibial tunnel cysts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: An AMB tear on 3D-isotropic MRI was correlated with arthroscopic results qualitatively and quantitatively. 3D isotropic MRI findings can aid the evaluation of ACL grafts after double bundle reconstruction.

Graft tendon slippage with metallic and bioabsorbable interference screws under cyclic load: a biomechanical study in a porcine model

Introduction The rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most common type of knee injury. Reconstructive surgery is the ‘gold standard’ treatment. During the immediate post-operative period, the fixation of the graft is entirely dependent on the ability of the grafted implant to be secured inside the bone tunnel under the cyclical loads associated with daily tasks. Poor fixation can lead to graft slippage, thus impairing the healing and integration of the graft. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical performance of tendon graft fixation devices with metallic and bioabsorbable interference screws. Methods Twenty ACL reconstructions were carried out in porcine tibias using deep flexor tendons to fix 9 × 20 mm metallic (n=10) and PLLA 70/30 bioabsorbable screws (n=10). To verify the ability of a construct to resist immediate postoperative (PO) rehabilitation protocols for immediate load bearing, a cyclic loading test was applied with 50-250 N of tensile force at 1 Hz for 1000 cycles, and the displacement was measured at 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 load cycles to quantify the slippage of the graft during the test. After the cyclic loading test, a single-cycle load-to-failure test was applied. Results The slippage of the graft using metallic screws did not differ (P = 0.616) from that observed when using bioabsorbable screws. Conclusion The results obtained in this experiment indicate that metallic screws may promote a similar amount of graft slippage during low cyclic loading as bioabsorbable screws. Additionally, there was no difference in the biomechanical performance of these two types of screws during high failure loads.

Analysis of Femoral Tunnel Position Targeted at Bifurcate Ridge Using Anteromedial Portal Technique in Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the position of the 10-mm-sized femur tunnel drilled aiming for the bifurcate ridge using anteromedial portal technique with 'Figure of 4 position' by 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) reconstruction images after anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and to evaluate it's propriety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Out of 35 patients who underwent anatomic ACL reconstruction from March 2012 to February 2013, 32 patients who undergone postoperative 3D-CT scans were included in this study retrospectively. Medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle was reconstructed using Mimics, and then the position of the femoral tunnel was evaluated using the Bernard quadrant method and the results were compared with those of published literatures. The mean age of the patients was 32.6 years old. There were 25 cases of double-bundle ACL reconstruction with one femoral-two tibial tunnel. There were 7 cases of single bundle ACL reconstruction with one femoral-one tibial tunnel. RESULTS: The mean distance of the femoral tunnel center was 32.2%+/-2.9% (range, 27.4%-37.6%) along the line parallel to the Blumensaat's line from the posterior condylar surface and 46.7%+/-2.3% (range, 43.5%-51.1%) along the line perpendicular to the Blumensaat's line from the roof of the notch. In comparison with the results of published literature, although the center of the femoral tunnel was presented in the femoral footprint, it was located slightly more shallow and inferior than the center of the ACL footprints. CONCLUSION: The bifurcate ridge may be a good anatomic landmark when making a 10-mm-sized single femoral tunnel in 'Figure of 4 position' using the anteromedial portal technique.

Infección asociada a reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior. Intervención multimodal para reducir la tasa de infección / Infection associated with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Introducción: Mientras la tasa internacional de infección de sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) asociada a plástica de ligamento cruzado anterior (PLCA) oscila entre 0,14 % y 5,7 %, la tasa nacional reportada por VIHDA es de 1,06 %. Aunque estas tasas resulten bajas, cuando las ISQ ocurren causan gran morbilidad. Debido a un aumento en la incidencia, tipo brote de ISQ asociada a PLCA observada en nuestro hospital se decidió implementar una intervención multimodal para reducir esta tasa. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de una intervención multimodal para prevenir las ISQ asociadas a PLCA en un hospital universitario. Material y métodos: A través de un estudio cuasi experimental (antes/después) se incluyeron prospectivamente los pacientes sometidos a PLCA, entre May-2012 y Ene-2014 (período intervención) luego de la implementación de las siguientes medidas preventivas: pesquisa de colonización por SAMR, baño pre-quirúrgico con clorhexidina al 2 %; ajuste del rasurado pre-quirúrgico; higiene de manos quirúrgica con productos de base alcohólica; antisepsia de piel con clorhexidina alcohólica al 2 %; ajuste de la profilaxis quirúrgica; reducción del tiempo de exposición ambiental del tendón(injerto). Como control se utilizó una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes sometidos a PLCA entre Ene-2011 y Abr-2012 (período pre-intervención).). Durante el período intervención se realizó cultivo de los tendones antes de su implante. Resultados: En el periodo pre-intervención se registró una tasa de ISQ de 5,50 % (11/200), en el período intervención la tasa se redujo a 2,01 % (6/298) (diferencia 3,49 %; IC95 % 0,23 % a 6,74 %; p<0,05). Esta diferencia se debió sólo en ST-RI ya que en el grupo de HTH no hubo diferencia significativa. El 42,2% (122/289) de los tendones tuvieron cultivos + antes del implante...

Introduction: As the international rate of surgical site infection (SSI) associated with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) ranges between 0.14% and 5.7%, the national rate reported by VIHDA is 1.06%. Although these rates are very low, when SSIs occur cause significant morbidity. Due to an increase in the incidence of SSI in ACLR observed in our hospital, we decided to implement a multimodal intervention to reduce this rate. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a multimodal intervention to prevent SSIs associated with ACLR in a University Hospital. Methods: Through a quasi-experimental study (before / after) were prospectively included all patients undergoing ACLR , between May 2012 and Jan-2014 (intervention period) after the implementation of the following preventive measures : screening for MRSA colonization, pre-operative bathing with chlorhexidine 2%; setting of pre-operative shaving; surgical hand hygiene with alcohol-based products; skin antisepsis with 2% chlorhexidine alcoholic; setting surgical prophylaxis and reducing the time of environmental exposure of the tendon. As a control, a retrospective cohort of patients undergoing ACLR between Jan-2011 and Feb-2012 (pre-intervention period) was used. During the intervention in the operating room and before implantation the tendons were culture. Results: The pre-intervention period rate of SSI was 5.50% (11/200). In the intervention period the rate was reduced to 2.01% (6/298) (difference 3.49% ; 95% CI 0.23% to 6.74%; p <0.05). This difference was due only to surgeries with hamstrings 42.2% (122/289) of the grafts had positive cultures before implantation...

Experiencia y manejo en artritis séptica (AS) en cirugía de reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) / Septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Objetivo: Identificar la incidencia, factores de riesgo asociados y resultados funcionales en un grupo de pacientes que presentaron una artritis séptica luego de la reconstrucción primaria de ligamento cruzado anterior. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de pacientes sometidos a reconstrucción primaria del ligamento cruzado anterior, entre enero del 2000 y mayo del 2011. Se revisaron las fichas clínicas y protocolos operatorios analizando incidencia, presentación, gérmenes involucrados, factores de riesgo, tratamiento y resultados funcionales. Resultados: Analizamos 1.796 casos de reconstrucciones primarias del ligamento cruzado anterior, edad promedio de 26.5 años, identificando 9 casos de infecciones articulares y con una incidencia global de 0,5 %. Siete se presentaron en pacientes con autoinjerto de isquiotibiales, 2 en aloinjerto y ninguna en autoinjerto HTH. Entre los factores de riesgo intraoperatorios evaluados no se encontró correlación significativa. En todos los pacientes se realizó aseo quirúrgico artroscópico, preservando el injerto en el 67% de los casos. El score de Lysholm promedio fue 95 puntos. Conclusiones: La artritis séptica luego de la reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior es una complicación de baja frecuencia. El manejo precoz es fundamental para obtener buenos resultados funcionales, no siendo necesaria la remoción del injerto en la mayoría de los casos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: To identify the incidence, associated risk factors and functional outcomes of a group of patients who presented septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of a series of patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction between January 2000 and May 2011. Medical and operative charts were reviewed to analyze incidence, presentation, involved microorganisms, intraoperative risk factors, treatment and functional results. Results: We analyzed 1.796 cases of primary ACL reconstructions, mean age 26.5 years, identifying 9 cases of joint infections with an overall incidence rate of 0.5 %. Seven occurred in patients with hamstring autograft, 2 in allograft and none in HTH autograft. Among the intraoperative risk factors evaluated, no significant correlation was found. All patients underwent arthroscopic drainage preserving the graft in 67% of the cases. The average Lysholm score was 95 points. Conclusion: Septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a rare complication. Early management is essential to obtain good functional results, not requiring graft removal in most of the cases. Level of Evidence: IV

Utilización de drenaje postoperatorio en cirugía artroscópica ambulatoria del ligamento cruzado anterior: un estudio prospectivo randomizado / Postoperative use of intraarticular closed-suction drainage after ACL reconstruction. prospective randomized study

Introducción: la utilización de drenajes en los postoperatorios de reconstrucción artroscópica de ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) es una práctica común en nuestro medio. Existe poca evidencia sólida en la literatura que avale el beneficio de la utilización sistemática de drenaje postoperatorio. Hipótesis: la utilización de drenaje, en pacientes sometidos a cirugía artroscópica ambulatoria de reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA), no aportaría beneficios significativos. Materiales y Métodos: se evaluaron 100 pacientes consecutivos sometidos a una reconstrucción artroscópica del LCA utilizando injerto cuádruple de semitendinoso y recto interno. Se aleatorizó la muestra en dos grupos, grupo de estudio al cuál no se le colocó drenaje y grupo control al cuál se le colocó un drenaje aspirativo. Se evaluó el rango de movilidad (RDM), dolor según escala analógica visual (de 1 al 10), hemartrosis según diámetro supra-patelar, y valoración subjetiva del paciente; comparándose los parámetros en la 1°, 2° y 4° semana del postoperatorio. Resultados: no se encontró ninguna diferencia significativa (P <0.05) en términos RDM, dolor o hemartrosis entre el grupo de estudio y el grupo control en la 1°, 2° y 4° semana postoperatorias. Subjetivamente todos los pacientes estaban satisfechos o muy satisfechos y volverían a realizarse el procedimiento. El estudio presentaba suficiente poder estadístico para detectar diferencias entre los dos grupos en el caso que las hubiera. Conclusión: no existe beneficio evidente en la utilización sistemática de un drenaje aspirativo luego de una cirugía ambulatoria del LCA, por lo que ha dejado de ser una práctica corriente en nuestro servicio. Tipo de Estudio: Prospectivo Randomizado. Nivel de evidencia: I-II.

Introduction: postoperative use of intrarticular closed-suction drainage after ACL reconstructive surgery is common practice. There is no strong evidence in the literature supporting it. Material and Methods: prospective evaluation of two groups of patients undergoing primary arthroscopic ambulatory ACL reconstruction, using hamstrings autografts. Group 1: 50 patients using postoperative suction drains. Group 2: 50 patients not using postop drains. We evaluated ROM, pain (withw VAS), intraarticular swelling (hemarthrosis) and subjective scoring at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postop.Results: there were no statistically significant differences (p< 0,05) between groups, in any evaluated variable, at any time point of the study. Conclusion: the present study shows no clear benefit in the systematic use of close-suction drains after arthroscopic ambulatory ACL surgery, therefore we do not recommend this practice anymore. Study Design: Prospective Randomized. Level of evidence: I-II.